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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> Syntax — Mako 1.1.0 Documentation </title> <!-- begin iterate through site-imported + sphinx environment css_files --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/changelog.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/sphinx_paramlinks.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/docs.css" type="text/css" /> <!-- end iterate through site-imported + sphinx environment css_files --> <!-- begin layout.mako headers --> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Mako 1.1.0 Documentation" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Defs and Blocks" href="defs.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Usage" href="usage.html" /> <!-- end layout.mako headers --> </head> <body> <div id="docs-container"> <div id="docs-header"> <h1>Mako 1.1.0 Documentation</h1> <div id="docs-search"> Search: <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" size="18" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <div id="docs-version-header"> Release: <span class="version-num">1.1.0</span> </div> </div> <div id="docs-top-navigation"> <div id="docs-top-page-control" class="docs-navigation-links"> <ul> <li>Prev: <a href="usage.html" title="previous chapter">Usage</a> </li> <li>Next: <a href="defs.html" title="next chapter">Defs and Blocks</a> </li> <li> <a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a> | <a href="genindex.html">Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="docs-navigation-banner"> <a href="index.html">Mako 1.1.0 Documentation</a> » Syntax <h2> Syntax </h2> </div> </div> <div id="docs-body-container"> <div id="docs-sidebar"> <div id="sidebar-banner"> </div> <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Syntax</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#expression-substitution">Expression Substitution</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#expression-escaping">Expression Escaping</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#control-structures">Control Structures</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-loop-context">The Loop Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#comments">Comments</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#newline-filters">Newline Filters</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-blocks">Python Blocks</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-level-blocks">Module-level Blocks</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#tags">Tags</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#page"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#include"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#def"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#block"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#namespace"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#inherit"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%inherit></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#nsname-defname"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%</span></code>nsname<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">:</span></code>defname<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#call"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#doc"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%doc></span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%text></span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#exiting-early-from-a-template">Exiting Early from a Template</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous Topic</h4> <p> <a href="usage.html" title="previous chapter">Usage</a> </p> <h4>Next Topic</h4> <p> <a href="defs.html" title="next chapter">Defs and Blocks</a> </p> <h4>Quick Search</h4> <p> <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" size="18" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </p> </div> <div id="docs-body" class="withsidebar" > <div class="section" id="syntax"> <span id="syntax-toplevel"></span><h1>Syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>A Mako template is parsed from a text stream containing any kind of content, XML, HTML, email text, etc. The template can further contain Mako-specific directives which represent variable and/or expression substitutions, control structures (i.e. conditionals and loops), server-side comments, full blocks of Python code, as well as various tags that offer additional functionality. All of these constructs compile into real Python code. This means that you can leverage the full power of Python in almost every aspect of a Mako template.</p> <div class="section" id="expression-substitution"> <h2>Expression Substitution<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-substitution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The simplest expression is just a variable substitution. The syntax for this is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${}</span></code> construct, which is inspired by Perl, Genshi, JSP EL, and others:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">this is x: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Above, the string representation of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> is applied to the template’s output stream. If you’re wondering where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> comes from, it’s usually from the <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a> supplied to the template’s rendering function. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> was not supplied to the template and was not otherwise assigned locally, it evaluates to a special value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNDEFINED</span></code>. More on that later.</p> <p>The contents within the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${}</span></code> tag are evaluated by Python directly, so full expressions are OK:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">pythagorean theorem: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>The results of the expression are evaluated into a string result in all cases before being rendered to the output stream, such as the above example where the expression produces a numeric result.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="expression-escaping"> <h2>Expression Escaping<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-escaping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Mako includes a number of built-in escaping mechanisms, including HTML, URI and XML escaping, as well as a “trim” function. These escapes can be added to an expression substitution using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">|</span></code> operator:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="s2">"this is some text"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>The above expression applies URL escaping to the expression, and produces <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">this+is+some+text</span></code>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">u</span></code> name indicates URL escaping, whereas <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h</span></code> represents HTML escaping, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> represents XML escaping, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trim</span></code> applies a trim function.</p> <p>Read more about built-in filtering functions, including how to make your own filter functions, in <a class="reference internal" href="filtering.html"><span class="std std-ref">Filtering and Buffering</span></a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="control-structures"> <h2>Control Structures<a class="headerlink" href="#control-structures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>A control structure refers to all those things that control the flow of a program – conditionals (i.e. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code>), loops (like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code>), as well as things like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span></code>. In Mako, control structures are written using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> marker followed by a regular Python control expression, and are “closed” by using another <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> marker with the tag “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end<name></span></code>”, where “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><name></span></code>” is the keyword of the expression:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> this is some output</span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> can appear anywhere on the line as long as no text precedes it; indentation is not significant. The full range of Python “colon” expressions are allowed here, including <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">elif</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code>, and even <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, although Mako has a built-in tag for defs which is more full-featured.</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'one'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'two'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'three'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'four'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'five'</span><span class="p">]:</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'t'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> its two or three</span> <span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'f'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> four/five</span> <span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> one</span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> sign can also be “escaped”, if you actually want to emit a percent sign as the first non whitespace character on a line, by escaping it as in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%%</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">%</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">more</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <div class="section" id="the-loop-context"> <h3>The Loop Context<a class="headerlink" href="#the-loop-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <strong>loop context</strong> provides additional information about a loop while inside of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">for</span></code> structure:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><ul></span> <span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"one"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"two"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"three"</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> <li>Item </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></li></span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"></ul></span></pre></div> </div> <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#loop-context"><span class="std std-ref">The Loop Context</span></a> for more information on this feature.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.7.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="comments"> <h2>Comments<a class="headerlink" href="#comments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Comments come in two varieties. The single line comment uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">##</span></code> as the first non-space characters on a line:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## this is a comment.</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x">...text ...</span></pre></div> </div> <p>A multiline version exists using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%doc></span> <span class="pre">...text...</span> <span class="pre"></%doc></span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%doc></span> <span class="cp"> these are comments</span> <span class="cp"> more comments</span> <span class="cp"></%doc></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="newline-filters"> <h2>Newline Filters<a class="headerlink" href="#newline-filters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The backslash (“<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\</span></code>”) character, placed at the end of any line, will consume the newline character before continuing to the next line:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">here is a line that goes onto </span><span class="o">\</span> <span class="x">another line.</span></pre></div> </div> <p>The above text evaluates to:</p> <div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>here is a line that goes onto another line.</pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="python-blocks"> <h2>Python Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#python-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Any arbitrary block of python can be dropped in using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code> tags:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">this is a template</span> <span class="cp"><%</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_resource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">element</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">z</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">frobnizzle</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="cp">%></span> <span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">elem</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> element: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="cp">}</span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Within <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code>, you’re writing a regular block of Python code. While the code can appear with an arbitrary level of preceding whitespace, it has to be consistently formatted with itself. Mako’s compiler will adjust the block of Python to be consistent with the surrounding generated Python code.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="module-level-blocks"> <h2>Module-level Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#module-level-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>A variant on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code> is the module-level code block, denoted by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code>. Code within these tags is executed at the module level of the template, and not within the rendering function of the template. Therefore, this code does not have access to the template’s context and is only executed when the template is loaded into memory (which can be only once per application, or more, depending on the runtime environment). Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code> tags to declare your template’s imports, as well as any pure-Python functions you might want to declare:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%!</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mylib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'^@'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Any number of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code> blocks can be declared anywhere in a template; they will be rendered in the resulting module in a single contiguous block above all render callables, in the order in which they appear in the source template.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="tags"> <h2>Tags<a class="headerlink" href="#tags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The rest of what Mako offers takes place in the form of tags. All tags use the same syntax, which is similar to an XML tag except that the first character of the tag name is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> character. The tag is closed either by a contained slash character, or an explicit closing tag:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"foo.txt"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"foo"</span> <span class="na">buffered=</span><span class="s">"True"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> this is a def</span> <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>All tags have a set of attributes which are defined for each tag. Some of these attributes are required. Also, many attributes support <strong>evaluation</strong>, meaning you can embed an expression (using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${}</span></code>) inside the attribute text:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"/foo/bar/${myfile}.txt"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Whether or not an attribute accepts runtime evaluation depends on the type of tag and how that tag is compiled into the template. The best way to find out if you can stick an expression in is to try it! The lexer will tell you if it’s not valid.</p> <p>Heres a quick summary of all the tags:</p> <div class="section" id="page"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#page" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>This tag defines general characteristics of the template, including caching arguments, and optional lists of arguments which the template expects when invoked.</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">page</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"x, y, z='default'"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Or a page tag that defines caching characteristics:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">page</span> <span class="na">cached=</span><span class="s">"True"</span> <span class="na">cache_type=</span><span class="s">"memory"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Currently, only one <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag gets used per template, the rest get ignored. While this will be improved in a future release, for now make sure you have only one <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag defined in your template, else you may not get the results you want. Further details on what <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> is used for are described in the following sections:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#namespaces-body"><span class="std std-ref">The body() Method</span></a> - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> is used to define template-level arguments and defaults</p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="filtering.html#expression-filtering"><span class="std std-ref">Expression Filtering</span></a> - expression filters can be applied to all expressions throughout a template using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag</p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="std std-ref">Caching</span></a> - options to control template-level caching may be applied in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag.</p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="include"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#include" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A tag that is familiar from other template languages, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%include</span></code> is a regular joe that just accepts a file argument and calls in the rendered result of that file:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"header.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> hello world</span> <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"footer.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Include also accepts arguments which are available as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> arguments in the receiving template:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"toolbar.html"</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"current_section='members', username='ed'"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="def"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#def" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code> tag defines a Python function which contains a set of content, that can be called at some other point in the template. The basic idea is simple:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"myfunc(x)"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> this is myfunc, x is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code> tag is a lot more powerful than a plain Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, as the Mako compiler provides many extra services with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code> that you wouldn’t normally have, such as the ability to export defs as template “methods”, automatic propagation of the current <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a>, buffering/filtering/caching flags, and def calls with content, which enable packages of defs to be sent as arguments to other def calls (not as hard as it sounds). Get the full deal on what <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code> can do in <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html"><span class="std std-ref">Defs and Blocks</span></a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="block"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#block" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%block</span></code> is a tag that is close to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code>, except executes itself immediately in its base-most scope, and can also be anonymous (i.e. with no name):</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">filter=</span><span class="s">"h"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> some <html> stuff.</span> <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Inspired by Jinja2 blocks, named blocks offer a syntactically pleasing way to do inheritance:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><html></span> <span class="x"> <body></span> <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> <h2></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></h2></span> <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> </body></span> <span class="x"></html></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Blocks are introduced in <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#blocks"><span class="std std-ref">Using Blocks</span></a> and further described in <a class="reference internal" href="inheritance.html"><span class="std std-ref">Inheritance</span></a>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.4.1.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="namespace"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#namespace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%namespace</span></code> is Mako’s equivalent of Python’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement. It allows access to all the rendering functions and metadata of other template files, plain Python modules, as well as locally defined “packages” of functions.</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">namespace</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"functions.html"</span> <span class="na">import=</span><span class="s">"*"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>The underlying object generated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%namespace</span></code>, an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#mako.runtime.Namespace" title="mako.runtime.Namespace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.runtime.Namespace</span></code></a>, is a central construct used in templates to reference template-specific information such as the current URI, inheritance structures, and other things that are not as hard as they sound right here. Namespaces are described in <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html"><span class="std std-ref">Namespaces</span></a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="inherit"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%inherit></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#inherit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Inherit allows templates to arrange themselves in <strong>inheritance chains</strong>. This is a concept familiar in many other template languages.</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>When using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%inherit</span></code> tag, control is passed to the topmost inherited template first, which then decides how to handle calling areas of content from its inheriting templates. Mako offers a lot of flexibility in this area, including dynamic inheritance, content wrapping, and polymorphic method calls. Check it out in <a class="reference internal" href="inheritance.html"><span class="std std-ref">Inheritance</span></a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="nsname-defname"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%</span></code>nsname<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">:</span></code>defname<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#nsname-defname" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Any user-defined “tag” can be created against a namespace by using a tag with a name of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%<namespacename>:<defname>></span></code>. The closed and open formats of such a tag are equivalent to an inline expression and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code> tag, respectively.</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">mynamespace:somedef</span> <span class="na">param=</span><span class="s">"some value"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> this is the body</span> <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">mynamespace:somedef</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>To create custom tags which accept a body, see <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#defs-with-content"><span class="std std-ref">Calling a Def with Embedded Content and/or Other Defs</span></a>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.2.3.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="call"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#call" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The call tag is the “classic” form of a user-defined tag, and is roughly equivalent to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespacename:defname></span></code> syntax described above. This tag is also described in <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#defs-with-content"><span class="std std-ref">Calling a Def with Embedded Content and/or Other Defs</span></a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="doc"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%doc></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#doc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%doc</span></code> tag handles multiline comments:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%doc></span> <span class="cp"> these are comments</span> <span class="cp"> more comments</span> <span class="cp"></%doc></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Also the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">##</span></code> symbol as the first non-space characters on a line can be used for single line comments.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="text"> <h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%text></span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>This tag suspends the Mako lexer’s normal parsing of Mako template directives, and returns its entire body contents as plain text. It is used pretty much to write documentation about Mako:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">text</span> <span class="na">filter=</span><span class="s">"h"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> heres some fake mako </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">syntax</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"x()"</span><span class="cp">>${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span> <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">text</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="exiting-early-from-a-template"> <span id="syntax-exiting-early"></span><h2>Exiting Early from a Template<a class="headerlink" href="#exiting-early-from-a-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Sometimes you want to stop processing a template or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> method in the middle and just use the text you’ve accumulated so far. This is accomplished by using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement inside a Python block. It’s a good idea for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement to return an empty string, which prevents the Python default return value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> from being rendered by the template. This return value is for semantic purposes provided in templates via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STOP_RENDERING</span></code> symbol:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">records</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="x"></span> <span class="x"> No records found.</span> <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">STOP_RENDERING</span> <span class="cp">%></span> <span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>Or perhaps:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">records</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">STOP_RENDERING</span> <span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <p>In older versions of Mako, an empty string can be substituted for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STOP_RENDERING</span></code> symbol:</p> <div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">''</span> <span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.0.2: </span>- added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STOP_RENDERING</span></code> symbol which serves as a semantic identifier for the empty string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">""</span></code> used by a Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="docs-bottom-navigation" class="docs-navigation-links"> Previous: <a href="usage.html" title="previous chapter">Usage</a> Next: <a href="defs.html" title="next chapter">Defs and Blocks</a> <div id="docs-copyright"> © Copyright the Mako authors and contributors. 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